Surface Wave UT for Rail: What It Finds and Where It Fits
Surface wave UT sends Rayleigh waves about one wavelength deep, 0.6 mm at 5 MHz. Where it helps on rail, what finds gauge-corner RCF, and its limits.
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DAC Curve Ultrasonic Testing: Distance Amplitude Correction
How to build a DAC curve to ASME V: 80% FSH reference, no near-field points, 50% and 20% DAC levels, transfer correction, and how TCG, DGS and AWS D1.1 differ.
Ultrasonic Testing Formulas: Key Formulas & Calculations
Ultrasonic testing formulas with worked steel examples: time of flight, dB, near field, beam spread, Snell's law, skip distance, TOFD depth and AWS attenuation.
Compound Fissure in Rail: Causes, Detection & FRA Guide
A compound fissure in rail starts as a horizontal split head that turns transverse. How 0° and 70° UT find it, and the 213.113 B, A2 and A remedial actions.
Vertical Split Head in Rail: Definition, Causes and Ultrasonic Detection
A vertical split head is a lengthwise split in the middle of the rail head, defined in 49 CFR 213.113. How it forms, how UT finds it and which action applies.
Transverse Fissure in Rail: Causes, Detection & Analysis
A transverse fissure in rail is an internal crosswise crack in the rail head. Causes, 70° UT detection, the 213.113 remedial table and how it differs from a DF.
What Happens After Train Derailment: Investigation & Facts
What happens after train derailment: Investigation process, emergency response, safety procedures, and prevention measures explained.
Ultrasonic Testing vs Magnetic Flux Leakage
Ultrasonic testing vs magnetic flux leakage for rail inspection. Compare defect detection, accuracy, costs and material compatibility for safety.
Dead Zone in Ultrasonic Testing: Causes, Measurement and Fixes
The dead zone in ultrasonic testing hides the first few mm below the probe: 1 µs of ring-down is about 3 mm of steel. How to measure it and how to shrink it.
How to Read a Flaw Detector Screen: A Field Inspector's Guide
How to read a flaw detector A-scan: sound path, depth and surface distance, DAC and the 20% and 50% levels, the AWS D1.1 rating, and rail 70° screens.